University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)

Founded in 1737 by King George II of Great Britain (also Elector of Hanover), the University of Göttingen was Europe's most distinguished mathematical institution from the 19th century until 1933. Approximately 30,000 students. **45+ Nobel laureates** historically affiliated — among the highest in the world. Distinguished faculty include Carl Friedrich Gauss (mathematician, 'Princeps Mathematicorum'), David Hilbert (mathematician — formulated 23 problems shaping 20th-century mathematics), Felix Klein, Hermann Weyl, Emmy Noether (one of history's most important mathematicians — symmetry-conservation laws), Max Born (Physics Nobel 1954), James Franck (Physics Nobel 1925), Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, J. Robert Oppenheimer (briefly), Edward Teller, Hans Bethe, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. 🕯️ MAJOR HONEST CONTEXT: The 1933 Nazi purges devastated Göttingen — the world's leading mathematical centre lost essentially all its great Jewish mathematicians in months. Emmy Noether expelled (died in US 1935). Max Born emigrated. Richard Courant emigrated. Issai Schur, Otto Blumenthal, others emigrated, were killed, or died in concentration camps. When David Hilbert was asked by the Nazi Minister of Education in 1934 'how mathematics in Göttingen was now that it had been freed of the Jewish influence', Hilbert replied: 'Mathematics in Göttingen? There is really none any more.' The phrase has been quoted ever since as one of the most poignant rebukes of the cost of fascism to science. Göttingen has published extensive historical research on its Nazi-era losses.

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