Karbala · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Kirkuk · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Pharmacy; Theology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Education
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Hillah · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Pharmacy
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Pharmacy
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Sulaymaniyah · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; International Relations
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Erbil · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsTheology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Education; Social Sciences; Arts & Humanities; Law
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsTheology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Education; Social Sciences; Arts & Humanities; Law
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsTheology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Education; Social Sciences; Arts & Humanities; Law
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Najaf · Private
SubjectsTheology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Education; Social Sciences; Arts & Humanities; Law
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Erbil · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Communication & Media Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Koya · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Erbil · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Languages & Linguistics; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Soran · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Basra · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Computer Science & IT; Natural Sciences; Mathematics & Statistics
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Tikrit · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Erbil · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Diwaniyah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Agriculture & Environmental Studies; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Ramadi · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies; Medicine & Health Sciences; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Hillah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Arts & Humanities; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Pharmacy; Veterinary Medicine; Languages & Linguistics; Theology & Religious Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Basra · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Engineering & Technology; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baqubah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Duhok · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Agriculture & Environmental Studies; Languages & Linguistics
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Fallujah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Halabja · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Karbala · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Kirkuk · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Languages & Linguistics; Engineering & Technology
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Najaf · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies; Languages & Linguistics; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Erbil · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; International Relations
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Amarah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Mosul · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Pharmacy; Agriculture & Environmental Studies; Languages & Linguistics
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Ranya · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Sulaymaniyah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Medicine & Health Sciences; Languages & Linguistics
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Rifai · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Arts & Humanities
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Baghdad · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Computer Science & IT; Natural Sciences; Mathematics & Statistics; Architecture & Design
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Nasiriyah · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Arts & Humanities; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Karbala · Private
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Theology & Religious Studies; Medicine & Health Sciences
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
Kut · Public
SubjectsEngineering & Technology; Natural Sciences; Business & Management; Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences; Law; Computer Science & IT; Agriculture & Environmental Studies
AccreditationIraq operates a DUAL HIGHER EDUCATION governance system reflecting its federal-plus-autonomous-region constitutional structure. (1) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IRAQ (MOHESR, Wizarat al-Ta'lim al-'Ali wa al-Bahth al-'Ilmi) — regulates federal Iraqi universities (Arab-majority provinces) at mohesr.gov.iq. (2) MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (MHE-KRG) — regulates universities in the autonomous KRG region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, Halabja governorates) at mhe-krg.org; separate authority since 1991 no-fly zone de facto autonomy, formalised by 2005 Iraqi Constitution Article 117. Plus specialised: COMSTECH for medical accreditation, Iraqi Engineers Union for engineering, IAU+AUCQA for quality assurance. HISTORICAL CONTEXT (essential for student-decision): Iraqi HE was once among the strongest in the Arab world (1970s-80s) but suffered severely from: 1990-91 Gulf War + 1990s sanctions (~13 years of UN sanctions devastated infrastructure); 2003 US invasion and Coalition Provisional Authority dismantling of Ba'athist-era academic structures; 2003-11 sectarian violence with thousands of professors targeted, killed, or forced into exile (estimated 250-500 academics killed); 2014-17 ISIS occupation of Mosul, Tikrit, Anbar with University of Mosul library burning (a million books lost), professor killings, female student bans. Reconstruction ongoing.
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